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Acknowledgements

I wish to thank the following people who generously helped me locate and gain access to publications that I consulted for this research: Anna Assogba, Rich Burns, Stéphanie Chancy, Marlene Daut, Claire Drone-Silvers, Anne Eller, Alex Gil, Laurie Kimara Gilles, Luis Girón Negrón, Daniel Godefroy, Marie-France Guillaume, Odile Harter, Ernst Djeride Jean-Baptiste, Olden Lamothe, the late Halcyon Lawrence, Mary Lewis, Kim Nusco, Allison Rich, Aïda Roumer, Jean-Denis Saint-Félix, Chelsea Stieber, Daniel Supplice, Patrick Tardieu, Frantz Voltaire, and Marie Waltz.

Thanks to Pierre-Louis Choquet, Djeride Jean-Baptiste, Marie-Thérèse Jules, Dexnell Peters, and Lumide Thelamy for comments and revisions which helped improve previous drafts. Any remaining errors are my own.

Thanks to Germain Clerveau and Réginald Milorme for technical support.

I am also grateful to the Digital Library of the Caribbean and the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation for the Open Educational Resources for Caribbean Studies Project stipend that enabled my research.

Finally, thanks to my Jesuit confrères for giving me the time and space I needed to get it done.

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Edmond Paul Copyright © 2025 by Emilio Travieso is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.